Sample Size & Power Calculations
Calculate for a Variety of frequentist and Bayesian Design
Adaptive Design
Design and Analyze a Wide Range of Adaptive Designs
Milestone Prediction
Predict Interim Analysis Timing or Study Length
Randomization Lists
Generate and Save Lists for your Trial Design
Group Sequential and Promising Zone Designs
Calculate Boundaries & Find Sample Size. Evaluate Interim Data & Re-estimate Sample Size
Sample Size for Bayesian Statistics
Probability of Success (Assurance), Credible Intervals, Bayes Factors and more
Early Stage and Complex Designs
Sample size & operating characteristics for Phase I, II & Seamless Designs (MAMS)
Sample Size & Power Calculations
Calculate for a Variety of frequentist and Bayesian Design
Adaptive Design
Design and Analyze a Wide Range of Adaptive Designs
Milestone Prediction
Predict Interim Analysis Timing or Study Length
Randomization Lists
Generate and Save Lists for your Trial Design
Group Sequential and Promising Zone Designs
Calculate Boundaries & Find Sample Size. Evaluate Interim Data & Re-estimate Sample Size
Sample Size for Bayesian Statistics
Probability of Success (Assurance), Credible Intervals, Bayes Factors and more
Early Stage and Complex Designs
Sample size & operating characteristics for Phase I, II & Seamless Designs (MAMS)
With increasing costs and failure rates in drug development an increasingly important issue, adaptive trials offer one mechanism to alleviate these problems and make clinical trials better reflect the statistical and practical needs of trial sponsors. These issues have also spurred an increasing openness towards innovative clinical trial designs in regulatory agencies around the world.
For a quick summary of the new Adaptive module, play the video below or click on the tabs above.
Winter 2018 nQuery Release Notes - nQuery Adapt - Adaptive Trial Module
In the initial nQuery Adapt release, we will be adding 15 new tables. This summary will provide an overview of which areas have been targeted in this release along with the full list of the tables being added.
In this release, four main areas are targeted for development. These are:
Continue to explore the new Adaptive Module by clicking on the tabs above
Group sequential designs are the most widely used type of adaptive trial in confirmatory Phase III clinical trials. Group sequential designs differ from a standard fixed term trial by allowing a trial to end early at pre-specified interim analyses for efficacy or futility. Group sequential designs achieve this by using an error spending method which allows a set amount of the total Type I (efficacy) or Type II (futility) error at each interim analysis. This design thus allows the trialist the flexibility to end those trials early which would otherwise have needed another large cohort of subjects to be analysed unnecessarily.
In the initial nQuery Adapt release, three new group sequential design tables will be added. These will be in addition to the three group sequential design tables which will continue to be included in the core product for two-sample group sequential designs. The new exclusive nQuery Adapt release group sequential design tables will be as follows:
These tables extend nQuery’s capabilities into one sample designs and also allow survival models with greater flexibility regarding follow-up time and accrual. Future nQuery Adapt updates will continue to increase the number of group sequential designs available.
In addition, this nQuery Advanced Update will include a number of improvements to the core group sequential design methods. The two major changes will be the addition of futility only designs and additional detail on the group sequential design, including the required sample size at each look. All group sequential tables will continue to be improved in future updates.
Continue to explore the new Adaptive Module by clicking on the tabs above
In group sequential designs and other adaptive designs, access to the interim data gives the ability to answer the important question of how likely a trial is to succeed based on the information accrued so far. The two most commonly cited statistics to evaluate this are conditional power and predictive power.
Conditional power is the probability that the trial will reject the null hypothesis at a subsequent look given the current test statistic and the assumed parameter values, which are usually assumed to equal their interim estimates. Predictive power (also known as Bayesian Predictive Power) is the conditional power averaged over the posterior distribution of the effect size. Both of these give an indication of how promising a study is based on the interim data and are important both as ad-hoc measures of futility testing and defining the range of values useful for unblinded sample size re-estimation.
In the initial nQuery Adapt release, five tables will be added for conditional power and predictive power covering many of the most common study design scenarios. These tables allow nQuery Adapt users to analyse and investigate different scenarios and assumptions for how likely a trial is to succeed based on the interim data. The new exclusive nQuery Adapt release conditional power tables will be as follows:
These tables will allow conditional and predictive power to be calculated simultaneously by assuming a diffuse prior for the predictive power calculation. Future updates will extend the number of design scenarios covered and additional flexibility in priors for predictive power.
Continue to explore the new Adaptive Module by clicking on the tabs above
In group sequential designs and other similar designs, access to the interim data provides the opportunity to improve a study to better reflect the updated understanding of the study. One way a group sequential design would be to use the interim effect size estimate not only to decide to whether or not to stop a trial early but to increase the sample size if the interim effect size is promising. This optionality gives the trialist the chance to power for a more optimistic effect size, thus reducing up-front costs, while still being confident of being able to find for a smaller but clinically relevant effect size by increasing sample size if needed.
The most common way to define whether an interim effect size is promising is conditional power. Conditional power is the probability that the trial will reject the null hypothesis at a subsequent look given the current test statistic and the assumed parameter values, which are usually assumed to equal their interim estimates. For “promising” trials where the conditional power falls between a lower bound, a typical value would be 50%, and so the initial target power of the sample size can be increased to make the conditional power equal the target study power.
In the initial nQuery Adapt release, two tables will be added for unblinded sample size re-estimation. These tables allow nQuery Adapt users to extend their initial group sequential design by giving tools which allow users to conduct interim monitoring and conduct a flexible sample size re-estimate at a specified interim look. The new exclusive nQuery Adapt release unblinded sample size re-estimation tables will be as follows:
Both these tables will be accessible by designing a group sequential study using the relevant group sequential designs and using the “Interim Monitoring & Sample Size Re-estimation” option from the group sequential “Looks” table. These tables will provide for two common approaches to unblinded sample size re-estimation: Chen-DeMets-Lan and Cui-Hung-Wang. There is also an option to ignore the sample size re-estimation and conduct interim monitoring for standard group sequential design.
The Chen-DeMets-Lan method allows a sample size increase while using the standard group sequential unweighted Wald statistics without appreciable error inflation, assuming an interim result has sufficiently "promising" conditional power. The primary advantages of the Chen-DeMets-Lan method are being able to use the standard group sequential test statistics and that each subject will be weighted equally to the equivalent group sequential design after a sample size increase. However, this design is restricted to the final interim analysis and Type I error control is expected but not guaranteed depending on the sample size re-estimation rules.
The Cui-Hung-Wang method uses a weighted test statistic, using pre-set weights based on the initial sample size and the incremental interim test statistics, which strictly controls the type I error. However, this statistic will differ from that of a standard group sequential design after a sample size increase and since subjects are weighted on the initial sample size, those subjects in the post-sample size increase cohort will be weighted less than those before.
There will be full control over the rules for the sample size re-estimation including sample size re-estimation look (for Cui-Hung-Wang), maximum sample size, whether to increase to the maximum sample size or the sample size to achieve the target conditional power and bounds for what a “promising” condition power is, among others.
Future nQuery Adapt updates will increase the number of study designs available, including for survival studies, and the number of options and flexibility for planning an unblinded sample size re-estimation.
Continue to explore the new Adaptive Module by clicking on the tabs above
Sample size determination always requires a level of uncertainty over the assumptions made to find the appropriate sample size. Many of these assumed values are for nuisance parameters which are not directly related to the effect size. Thus it would useful to have a better estimate for these values than relying on external sources or the cost of a separate pilot study but without the additional regulatory and logistical costs of using unblinded interim data. Blinded sample size re-estimation allows the estimation of improved estimates for these nuisance parameters without unblinding the study.
In the initial nQuery Adapt release, five tables will be added for blinded sample size re-estimation using the internal pilot method. The internal pilot method assigns an initial cohort of subjects as the “pilot study” and then calculates an updated value for a nuisance parameter of interest. This updated nuisance parameter value is then used to increase the study sample size if required, with the final analysis conducted with standard fixed term analyses with the internal pilot data included.
These tables allow nQuery Adapt users to seamlessly conduct an internal pilot study for common two means and two proportions design scenarios. The new exclusive nQuery Adapt release blinded sample size re-estimation tables will be as follows:
nQuery Adapt will provide full flexibility over the size of the internal pilot study, whether sample size decreases are allowable in addition to increase and tools to derive the
Blinded sample size re-estimation for the two sample t-test updates the sample size based on a
Blinded sample size re-estimation for the two sample chi-squared test updates the sample size based on a
Future updates will extend the number of design scenarios covered, with additional options to derive the blinded nuisance parameter estimate alternative approaches for blinded sample size re-estimation such as p-value combination.
Continue to explore the new Adaptive Module by clicking on the tabs above
Conditional Power and Predictive Power
Unblinded Sample Size Re-estimation
Blinded Sample Size Re-estimation
VIEW ALL SAMPLE SIZE PROCEDURES AVAILABLE IN nQuery
Continue to explore the new Adaptive Module by clicking on the tabs above
nQuery Adapt is a new module in nQuery. This is only available if you have a subscription for nQuery Advanced Pro.
To access nQuery Adapt, please contact your Account Manager or complete the contact form.
Winter 2018 Bayesian Module Release Notes
The latest release extends the number of tables on offer in the Bayesian module.
There are 12 new tables available, all for calculating assurance in different designs and setups.
Assurance is the unconditional probability that the trial will yield a positive result (usually a significant p-value) and is the expectation for the power averaged over the prior distribution of the unknown parameter estimate. This provides a useful estimate of the likely utility of a trial and provides an alternative method to frequentist power for finding the appropriate sample size for a study. For this reason, assurance is often referred to as “Bayesian power” or the "true probability of success".
Continue to explore the new Bayes tables by clicking on the tabs above
This new release covers non-inferiority tests for assurance for a number of trial designs.
Non-inferiority tests are used to statistically evaluate if a proposed treatment is not worse than a pre-existing standard treatment. This is a very common objective in areas such as generics and medical devices. This is particularly important as using a placebo group would be required otherwise.
As non-inferiority testing will typically involve evaluation against a well-defined treatment (e.g. RLD), there is a lower incidence of the large parallel studies typically seen in Phase III clinical trials. One-sample, paired samples or cross-over designs are common as these will generally require a lower cost and sample size.
There are four tables covering non-inferiority testing using assurance in the new release of nQuery:
These tables give more flexibility to the nQuery user for the type of test that can be performed using Bayesian assurance.
Continue to explore the new Bayes tables by clicking on the tabs above
This release further focuses on extending the range of prior distributions that are available to calculate assurance.
Uniform priors have now been added to five more trial designs. These priors give equal likelihood to each point in the defined range of the distribution. This non-informative prior is of relevance if there is no prior information relating to the distribution of the parameter of interest, and so a prior with minimal influence on the inference is required.
The designs with the option of uniform prior distributions are:
These tables help you quickly and simply calculate the assurance attainable by your
Continue to explore the new Bayes tables by clicking on the tabs above
The latest release of nQuery also gives you the option of using a custom prior for calculating assurance.
There are five tables that allow a custom prior.
A custom prior can be used if the distribution of your alternative hypothesis parameter does not conform to a common distribution. These tables allow you to define the points of your prior distribution and the probabilities connected to each value. In this way, the prior takes the form of a discrete probability distribution.
These tables allow versatility and freedom in your trial design, especially if your data does not conform to a more commonly used distribution.
Continue to explore the new Bayes Tables by clicking on the tabs above
Bayesian Assurance
VIEW ALL SAMPLE SIZE PROCEDURES AVAILABLE IN nQuery
Continue to explore the new Bayes tables by clicking on the tabs above
To access nQuery Bayes, you must have a nQuery Advanced Plus or Advanced Pro subscription. If you do, nQuery should automatically prompt you to update.
You can manually update nQuery Advanced by clicking Help>Check for updates.
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Winter 2018 Classical Sample Size Release Notes
In the latest release, we are adding 20 new sample size tables to the nQuery Base module. This release summary will provide an overview of which areas have been targeted in this release along with the full list of tables being added.
In this release, two main areas are targeted for development. These are:
A background to these areas along with a list of the sample size tables which are added in this release is provided in each section. References for each method are provided at the end of this article.
Continue to explore the new Core tables by clicking on the tabs above
Crossover trials use a repeated measures design, where each subject receives more than one treatment, with different treatments given in different time periods. This is where the term “crossover” comes from - the patients cross over from one treatment to another during the course of the trial. The main benefit of a crossover trial is the removal of the
There are many other reasons to consider using a crossover trial design. It can yield a more efficient use of resources as fewer subjects may be required in the crossover design than a parallel design to achieve the same power.
Crossover trials are usually used to study short-term outcome in chronic conditions or diseases, as the treatment can not permanently alter the condition. The condition must persist long enough for the subject to be exposed to each of the treatments, and the response to each measured. Conditions which are often suitable for crossover trials include asthma, as the disease can often remain relatively stable for a number of years, in addition to rheumatism and migraine.
There are many different variations of crossover trial designs, depending on the type of data available and the assumptions involved. Most traditional crossover designs involve two treatments (A and B), and each subject receives each treatment, either A then B, or B then A. Many other variations of this traditional crossover design are now employed in clinical trials. In the October release, 11 new crossover tables will be added, building on the suite of crossover tables already available in nQuery Advanced.
The main areas of focus in the crossover upgrade fall under the following headings:
Williams Crossover Designs
Williams crossover designs are outlined by Chow and Liu (2009). Williams designs use
In the latest nQuery release, we are adding 8 new tables in this area. They are as follows:
These tables in nQuery give more flexibility for higher-order crossover
Generalized Odds Ratio for 2x2 Design
Generalized odds ratios are another way of specifying the effect size in a clinical trial or study, where the data is ordinal in nature. Methods using generalized odds ratios for ordinal data in crossover trials were developed as methods for continuous interval data are not explicitly appropriate for use in these cases. The generalized odds ratio is defined in terms of the relative
The new nQuery release contains 3 tables in this area:
These tables complement the existing 2x2 crossover tables in nQuery, giving greater flexibility for different types of data when exploring sample size estimates for crossover studies.
Continue to explore the new Core tables by clicking on the tabs above
Binary data is one of the most common data forms used as an endpoint for clinical trials. Binary data can result from almost any sort of trial where “success” and “failure” can be explicitly defined.
Common design types in this context would be one-sample, paired and parallel studies. In the context of binary data, one of the most noticeable aspects is the wide variety of options available ranging from relatively simple normal approximation tests to more complex exact methods and sample size methods have followed this trend in regard to binary data analyses generally.
This release will bring 9 new tables that deal with different trial designs with binary endpoints, extending the range of designs for proportions data already on offer.
These tables fall into three broad categories:
Wald Tests for Logistic Regression
These tables give further methods to characterise the effect of a binary variable on an outcome. Logistic regression is used to explain the relationship between a binary response variable and one or more explanatory or exposure variables. Logistic regression is used in particular, rather than linear regression, when the response variable is categorical in nature. For example, an exposure variable may be whether a subject smoked or not, while the response variable may be the presence or absence of cancer in the subject.
The Wald test is then used to test the significance of an exposure variable, or an interaction between an exposure variable and some other confounding variable. Calculations are made according to the method outlined by Demidenko (2007).
In the latest nQuery release we are adding 6 new tables in this area:
These tables add to the range of logistic regression methods already available in
Equivalence Tests
In this release, there is also a focus on equivalence tests for binary data. Equivalence testing is used to statistically evaluate how similar a proposed treatment is to a pre-existing standard treatment. This is a very common objective in areas such as generics and medical devices. This is particularly important if using a placebo group.
As equivalence testing will typically involve evaluation against a well-defined treatment (e.g. RLD), there is a lower incidence of the large parallel studies typically seen in Phase III clinical trials. One-sample, paired samples or cross-over designs are common as these will generally require a lower cost and sample size.
Three tables will be added in this area in the latest release:
These tables integrate more exact enumeration methods as an option in addition to the typical normal approximation methods. The one proportion test also includes a wide range of proposed test statistics, including an exact test and a variety of forms of Z-test.
Correlated proportions often occur where two different procedures, such as diagnostic tests, are carried out on all subjects in order to test the accuracy of the procedure. A level of correlation between the results would be expected in this situation. In equivalence tests with correlated proportions, the aim is to show that the two diagnostic procedures have the same level of accuracy.
These tables expand upon a large number of pre-existing tables available for the equivalence testing of binary proportions.
Continue to explore the new Core tables by clicking on the tabs above
Crossover
Proportions
VIEW ALL SAMPLE SIZE PROCEDURES AVAILABLE IN nQuery
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If you have nQuery Advanced installed, nQuery should automatically prompt you to update.
You can manually update nQuery Advanced by clicking Help>Check for updates.
CLICK HERE FOR FULL DETAILS ABOUT UPDATING
If your nQuery home screen is different, you are using an older version of nQuery.
Please contact your Account Manager.